新(xin)華社北京8月16日電 《中(zhong)(zhong)共中(zhong)(zhong)央關(guan)于(yu)進(jin)一步全面深化改革、推進(jin)中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)式現代(dai)化的決(jue)定》提出(chu)：“建立保持制(zhi)造業合(he)(he)理(li)(li)比(bi)重投入機制(zhi)，合(he)(he)理(li)(li)降低制(zhi)造業綜合(he)(he)成(cheng)本和稅費負擔(dan)。”這(zhe)是從制(zhi)造業是立國(guo)之(zhi)本、強國(guo)之(zhi)基的戰略(lve)高度(du)，對推動制(zhi)造業高質(zhi)量(liang)發展、夯實實體經濟根基作出(chu)的重要(yao)制(zhi)度(du)安排。其重要(yao)性緊迫性可以從兩(liang)個方面理(li)(li)解(jie)。
第一(yi)，制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)(zao)業(ye)(ye)(ye)是實(shi)體經濟的主體，是一(yi)個國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家實(shi)現現代(dai)化(hua)和成(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)經濟強(qiang)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的基(ji)礎。保持(chi)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)(zao)業(ye)(ye)(ye)合(he)(he)理(li)(li)比(bi)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，就是要(yao)將制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)(zao)業(ye)(ye)(ye)增加值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)在(zai)(zai)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)內(nei)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)總(zong)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)的占比(bi)維(wei)持(chi)在(zai)(zai)一(yi)個合(he)(he)理(li)(li)區間，為(wei)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)民經濟持(chi)續健康發展(zhan)提供基(ji)礎性(xing)、全方位支撐。保持(chi)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)(zao)業(ye)(ye)(ye)合(he)(he)理(li)(li)比(bi)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)投入(ru)，是指促(cu)(cu)進勞(lao)動、資本(ben)、土(tu)地、知識、技術、管理(li)(li)、數據等要(yao)素有效向制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)(zao)業(ye)(ye)(ye)聚集，促(cu)(cu)進制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)(zao)業(ye)(ye)(ye)保持(chi)合(he)(he)理(li)(li)比(bi)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)(zao)業(ye)(ye)(ye)綜合(he)(he)成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)是制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)(zao)業(ye)(ye)(ye)投入(ru)的總(zong)成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)，既包括(kuo)顯性(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)如(ru)稅(shui)費負(fu)擔、物流(liu)成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)、要(yao)素成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)等，也包括(kuo)隱性(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)如(ru)法治(zhi)環(huan)境、營(ying)商環(huan)境等。從世(shi)界經濟發展(zhan)史看，英國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)、美(mei)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)、德國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)、日本(ben)能夠先后(hou)成(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)經濟大(da)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)強(qiang)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)，無一(yi)不是因為(wei)大(da)力發展(zhan)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)(zao)業(ye)(ye)(ye)。進入(ru)后(hou)工業(ye)(ye)(ye)化(hua)階段后(hou)，英國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)、美(mei)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)(zao)業(ye)(ye)(ye)在(zai)(zai)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)內(nei)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)總(zong)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)的比(bi)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)下降較快(kuai)，產(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)空心化(hua)問(wen)題(ti)凸顯，直到近年(nian)來美(mei)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)等開(kai)始重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)視解決這一(yi)問(wen)題(ti)，加大(da)力度吸(xi)引制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)(zao)業(ye)(ye)(ye)回(hui)流(liu)本(ben)土(tu)。而德國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)、日本(ben)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)(zao)業(ye)(ye)(ye)在(zai)(zai)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)內(nei)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)總(zong)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)的比(bi)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)則長期穩(wen)定在(zai)(zai)20%以上，制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)(zao)業(ye)(ye)(ye)一(yi)直是其參與國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)際競爭的“殺手锏”。
第二，我(wo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)業(ye)(ye)(ye)發(fa)展面臨新形勢新挑戰。長期以來我(wo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)高度重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)視制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)業(ye)(ye)(ye)發(fa)展，我(wo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)業(ye)(ye)(ye)已覆(fu)蓋31個(ge)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)業(ye)(ye)(ye)大類、179個(ge)中(zhong)(zhong)類、609個(ge)小類，增加(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)占(zhan)全(quan)球(qiu)(qiu)比(bi)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)約30%，500多(duo)種主(zhu)要(yao)工(gong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)產(chan)(chan)(chan)品中(zhong)(zhong)，我(wo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)有(you)(you)220多(duo)種產(chan)(chan)(chan)品產(chan)(chan)(chan)量位(wei)居世界第一(yi)，貨物貿易出口(kou)連續15年(nian)(nian)(nian)保持(chi)全(quan)球(qiu)(qiu)第一(yi)。制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)業(ye)(ye)(ye)不僅(jin)是我(wo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)民經濟的(de)(de)支柱，也是我(wo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)參與(yu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)際競爭、立于不敗之(zhi)地的(de)(de)底氣和(he)(he)本(ben)(ben)錢。同時要(yao)看到，制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)業(ye)(ye)(ye)增加(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)占(zhan)國(guo)(guo)(guo)內生產(chan)(chan)(chan)總值(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)比(bi)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)由(you)2016年(nian)(nian)(nian)的(de)(de)28.1%下降至(zhi)2020年(nian)(nian)(nian)的(de)(de)26.3%，到2023年(nian)(nian)(nian)為26.2%，2013年(nian)(nian)(nian)至(zhi)2022年(nian)(nian)(nian)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)業(ye)(ye)(ye)城鎮(zhen)單位(wei)就業(ye)(ye)(ye)人員占(zhan)全(quan)部(bu)城鎮(zhen)單位(wei)就業(ye)(ye)(ye)人員的(de)(de)比(bi)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)也下降了近7個(ge)百分(fen)點。制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)業(ye)(ye)(ye)穩定(ding)投入機制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)不健全(quan)、綜合(he)(he)成(cheng)本(ben)(ben)高是制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)約制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)業(ye)(ye)(ye)保持(chi)合(he)(he)理比(bi)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)因素，主(zhu)要(yao)有(you)(you)金融(rong)支持(chi)不足，稅費負擔偏重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，產(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)人才有(you)(you)缺口(kou)，制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)業(ye)(ye)(ye)同房地產(chan)(chan)(chan)、金融(rong)等行(xing)業(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)成(cheng)本(ben)(ben)收益關系不合(he)(he)理，資源要(yao)素存在(zai)(zai)(zai)“脫(tuo)實向虛”的(de)(de)傾向等。此(ci)外，我(wo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)業(ye)(ye)(ye)在(zai)(zai)(zai)全(quan)球(qiu)(qiu)產(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)分(fen)工(gong)中(zhong)(zhong)總體上(shang)仍處于價值(zhi)(zhi)鏈中(zhong)(zhong)低端(duan)，在(zai)(zai)(zai)一(yi)些(xie)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)細分(fen)領域存在(zai)(zai)(zai)短(duan)板，關鍵核心(xin)技術存在(zai)(zai)(zai)“卡脖子”問題。我(wo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)保持(chi)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)業(ye)(ye)(ye)合(he)(he)理比(bi)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)既重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)而緊迫，又有(you)(you)很大潛力(li)和(he)(he)空間(jian)。
建(jian)立保(bao)持制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)業(ye)(ye)(ye)合(he)理(li)(li)比重(zhong)投入機制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，合(he)理(li)(li)降(jiang)低(di)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)業(ye)(ye)(ye)綜合(he)成(cheng)本和(he)稅(shui)費負擔，重(zhong)點(dian)要(yao)有效解決體(ti)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)機制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)堵點(dian)卡點(dian)。一是(shi)強化(hua)(hua)要(yao)素保(bao)障。推進(jin)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)業(ye)(ye)(ye)人才(cai)供給結構改革，優化(hua)(hua)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)業(ye)(ye)(ye)人才(cai)激勵機制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，打造(zao)高(gao)技能人才(cai)隊伍(wu)。建(jian)立金融(rong)(rong)服務實體(ti)經(jing)濟(ji)激勵約束(shu)機制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，激勵金融(rong)(rong)機構擴大(da)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)業(ye)(ye)(ye)中長(chang)期貸(dai)款、信貸(dai)規模。積極(ji)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)天使投資、風險投資、私募股權投資等(deng)(deng)直接融(rong)(rong)資工(gong)(gong)具。完善(shan)要(yao)素市場制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)和(he)規則，加(jia)(jia)快(kuai)健(jian)(jian)全(quan)數據要(yao)素治理(li)(li)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)。健(jian)(jian)全(quan)完善(shan)碳排放(fang)權、用(yong)能權、用(yong)水權等(deng)(deng)交易機制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。二是(shi)降(jiang)低(di)綜合(he)成(cheng)本和(he)稅(shui)費負擔。深化(hua)(hua)財(cai)稅(shui)體(ti)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)改革，優化(hua)(hua)稅(shui)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)結構，完善(shan)消(xiao)費稅(shui)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，推進(jin)征收環節后移并穩步下(xia)劃(hua)地方，發(fa)(fa)揮好(hao)研(yan)發(fa)(fa)費用(yong)加(jia)(jia)計扣除、技術轉(zhuan)讓稅(shui)收優惠等(deng)(deng)政策作用(yong)。進(jin)一步清理(li)(li)各種不合(he)理(li)(li)收費。建(jian)立高(gao)效的(de)知識(shi)產權綜合(he)管理(li)(li)體(ti)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，改革完善(shan)知識(shi)產權審查制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)，研(yan)究制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)定適應人工(gong)(gong)智(zhi)能、生物醫藥、低(di)空經(jing)濟(ji)等(deng)(deng)新(xin)(xin)領域新(xin)(xin)賽道發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)需要(yao)的(de)知識(shi)產權保(bao)護(hu)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)。三是(shi)持續優化(hua)(hua)營商環境。堅持把發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)經(jing)濟(ji)的(de)著力點(dian)放(fang)在實體(ti)經(jing)濟(ji)上。大(da)力弘揚工(gong)(gong)匠精(jing)神(shen)、企業(ye)(ye)(ye)家精(jing)神(shen)。建(jian)立健(jian)(jian)全(quan)與企業(ye)(ye)(ye)常(chang)態化(hua)(hua)溝(gou)通交流機制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，協(xie)調解決企業(ye)(ye)(ye)面臨的(de)問(wen)題(ti)。積極(ji)營造(zao)干事創業(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)社會環境，鼓勵和(he)引導企業(ye)(ye)(ye)堅守(shou)實業(ye)(ye)(ye)、做強主(zhu)業(ye)(ye)(ye)、做精(jing)專業(ye)(ye)(ye)，打造(zao)中國品牌，建(jian)成(cheng)百年老店。
